What is a greater concern for countries in Stage 5 of the demographic transition compared to those in earlier stages?

In Stage 5 of the demographic transition model, countries experience a significant shift characterized by low birth rates and an aging population. This demographic pattern leads to an increased proportion of elderly citizens who require healthcare and pension support, placing a greater demand on government resources for social services.

As the birth rate continues to decline and life expectancy increases, the ratio of working-age individuals to retirees decreases, resulting in higher costs for the government associated with pensions, healthcare, and social services for the elderly. This situation poses a challenge for funding and sustaining these programs, as a smaller workforce may lead to reduced tax revenue, exacerbating financial pressures on the economy.

In contrast, options such as a higher birth rate would suggest earlier stages of the demographic transition, while issues like increased immigration or youth unemployment are not uniquely tied to Stage 5 demographic characteristics but can apply to various stages depending on specific national contexts. Therefore, the emphasis on government spending to support an aging population is a primary concern for countries in this later stage of the demographic transition.